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''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca'', commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is a widely distributed fungus found on several continents, where it grows in woodland, heathland, and on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow-orange with a funnel-shaped cap up to across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on its edibility vary; the false chanterelle is either regarded as edible but not particularly worthwhile eating, or mildly poisonous. Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle in 1781, noting its resemblance with the true chanterelles and people's propensity to confuse them. The false chanterelle was then placed in the genus ''Clitocybe'', but it was later observed that its forked gills and dextrinoid spores indicated a relationship to ''Paxillus''. Genetic analysis has confirmed that it belongs to the order Boletales and is more closely related to boletes. ==Taxonomy== Austrian naturalist Franz Xaver von Wulfen described the false chanterelle as ''Agaricus aurantiacus'' in 1781, reporting that it appeared in the fir tree forests around Klagenfurt in October. He added that it could be confused with the chanterelle by the inexperienced, but that its true nature was very different; in contrast to its edible lookalike, he described it as "kind of pernicious".〔 James Sowerby illustrated it and gave it the name ''Agaricus subcantharellus'', describing it as a "perhaps unfavourable" variety of ''A. cantharellus'' (chanterelle).〔 The fungus was placed in the genus ''Merulius'' by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1792,〔 and then ''Cantharellus'' by Elias Fries in 1821.〔 Bernhard Studer-Steinhäuslin concluded it could only be classified in the genus ''Clitocybe'' in 1900, based on its white spores, decurrent gills and lack of a ring.〔 It was elevated it to the status of genus in Emile Martin-Sans' 1929 publication ''L'Empoisonnement par les champignons et particulièrement les intoxications dues aux Agaricacées du groupe des Clitocybe et du groupe des Cortinarius'', with authorship attributed to René Maire. Martin-Sans concurred with Maire's assessment of ''Hygrophoropsis'', suggesting that it represented a form intermediate between ''Cantharellus'' and ''Clitocybe'', and was thus worthy of generic ranking.〔 The specific epithet is the Latin word ''aurantiacus'', meaning "orange".〔 The genus name refers to a resemblance to the genus ''Hygrophorus''.〔 It is commonly known as the false chanterelle.〔 Two varieties described by Derek Reid in 1972, ''H. aurantiaca'' var. ''macrospora'' and ''H. aurantiaca'' var. ''rufa'',〔 have since been promoted to distinct species status as ''H. macrospora'' (1996)〔 and ''H. rufa'' (2008).〔 Two other varieties of the fungus have been described, but they are not considered to have independent taxonomic significance by Index Fungorum:〔 var. ''nana'' (Singer 1946),〔 and var. ''robusta'' (Antonín 2000).〔 Pale forms of the fungus are sometimes referred to as var. ''pallida''. This taxon was first published by Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi in 1953,〔 but later considered invalid as it did not conform to nomenclatural rules.〔 Variety ''nigripes'', a taxon with a black-brown stipe, is invalid for similar reasons.〔 ''H. aurantiaca'' var. ''pallida'' was published validly in 1995.〔 In 1979, Egon Horak suggested that ''H. aurantiaca'' and the New Zealand taxon ''H. coacta'' were the same species,〔 but neither Index Fungorum nor MycoBank accept this synonymy. According to MycoBank, ''H. aurantiaca'' has several heterotypic synonyms, that is, they have different types, but are considered the same species:〔 *''Agaricus alectorolophoides'' Schaeff. (1774)〔 *''Agaricus subcantharellus'' Sowerby (1809)〔 *''Cantharellus brachypodus'' Chevall. (1826)〔 *''Cantharellus ravenelii'' Berk. & M.A.Curtis (1853)〔 *''Merulius brachypodes'' (Chevall.) Kuntze (1891)〔 ''Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca'' has been confused with the true chanterelles (genus ''Cantharellus'') because of overall similarities in appearance.〔 Later mycologists thought that the forked gills, frequently off-centre stipe placement, and dextrinoid spores suggested a relationship with ''Paxillus'',〔 and the genus ''Hygrophoropsis'' was classified in the family Paxillaceae by Rolf Singer in 1946.〔 Several pigments have been identified from the fungus, including the orange variegatic acid, methyl variegate, the red variegatorubin, and several derivatives of pulvinic acid.〔 The presence of these pigments suggests a chemotaxic relationship with the Boletaceae, Coniophoraceae, and Paxillaceae—families of Boletales with members that have similar compounds.〔〔 Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed its affinity lay in the order Boletales in 1997,〔 though later research showed it is not closely related to ''Paxillus'' or other gilled members of the order.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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